Hipertensão intra-abdominal e síndrome compartimental abdominal: repercussões e tratamento clínico no paciente crítico / Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome: repercussions and clinical treatment in critically ill patients

A hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal foram durante muitas décadas mal compreendidas e dissociadas de suas repercussões clínicas. Trata-se de um distúrbio que pode levar à disfunção de múltiplos órgãos devido ao desequilíbrio circulatório desencadeado pelo aumento de pressão no compartimento abdominal. As manifestações envolvem os sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, renal, nervoso e gastrintestinal e estão largamente relacionadas com o fator de morbimortalidade no paciente crítico. A despeito da importância clínica, a hipertensão intra-abdominal e à síndrome compartimental abdominal ainda são temas pouco dominados pelos médicos, e fazem-se necessários o reconhecimento precoce e o estabelecimento de estratégias clínicas objetivas no contexto de uma síndrome com desfecho tão desfavorável. Portanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura não sistematizada com objetivo de compreender os principais pontos sobre definições, prevalência, fatores de risco, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento acerca da hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal.

Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome have been, for many decades, poorly understood and dissociated from their clinical repercussions. It is a disorder that can lead to organ dysfunction due to circulatory impairment triggered by increased pressure in the abdominal compartment. The manifestations involve cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, and are widely associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite their clinical importance, intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome are still not sufficiently known by physicians and, early recognition and the establishment of objective clinical strategies for managing these highly morbid syndromes are required. Therefore, a non-systematized review was carried out to understand the main points about definitions, prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome.

Intracranial Hypertension and Intra-abdominal Pressure. Is it Worth Measuring?

Patients with refractory intracranial hypertension who have already undergone all the measures recommended by the current guidelines can benefit from having their intraabdominal pressure monitored since its increase generates hemodynamic repercussions and secondary elevation of intracranial pressure. In this context, a bibliographic research was performed on PubMed with the terms intra-abdominal pressure, abdominal compartment syndrome, intracranial pressure, intracranial hypertension. Altogether, 146 articles were observed, 87 of which were from the year 2000, and only 15 articles were considered relevant to the topic. These studies indicate that patients with refractory intracranial hypertension can benefit fromthe measurement of intraabdominal pressure, since there is evidence that an increase in this pressure leads to organic dysfunctions with an indirect impact on cerebral venous return and, consequently, an increase in intracranial pressure. In thosewho underwent decompression laparotomy, direct effectswere observed in reducing intracranial hypertension and survival.

Protocolos para diagnóstico e manejo da hipertensão intra-abdominal em centros de tratamento intensivo / Protocols for diagnosis and management of intra-abdominal hypertension in intensive care units

RESUMO Objetivo: A hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA) é uma condição mórbida comum em pacientes críticos. A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é condição grave de tratamento cirúrgico que ocorre como evolução da HIA não diagnosticada e não tratada. O objetivo deste trabalho é disseminar evidências e propor protocolos de rastreio e condutas em casos de HIA e SCA para centros de terapia intensiva (CTI) Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas sobre o tema nas principais bases de dados e utilizadas as evidências e protocolos recomendadas pela World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Resultados: Apresentamos protocolos sobre investigação, aferição, manejo e controle da HIA, adequadas à realidade brasileira. Conclusão: Neste trabalho, apresentamos em detalhes os principais fatos e evidências sobre o manejo em casos de suspeita de HIA e como aferir a pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), de forma simples e reproduzível para qualquer CTI do nosso país.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a common morbid condition in critically ill patients. Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a severe condition that requires surgical treatment, and it is an evolution of undiagnosed and untreated IAH. This study aims to highlight the importance of clinical evidence, and proposes screening as well as medical protocols for IAH and ACS, in intensive care units. Methods: Database searches were performed and the recommended World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome standards and protocols were used. Results: Protocols for IAH and ACS investigation, measurements, management and control, tailored for the Brazilian ICU reality, were indicated. Conclusion: We extensively detailed IAH medical evidence, using the most up-to-date literature about IAH care and how to measure intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), which can be easily reproduced in any intensive care unit.

Management of abdominal compartment syndrome after transurethral resection of the prostate / Manejo da síndrome do compartimento abdominal pós-ressecção transuretral de próstata

Acute abdominal compartment syndrome is most commonly associated with blunt abdominal trauma, although it has been seen after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, liver transplantation, pancreatitis, and massive volume resuscitation. Acute abdominal compartment syndrome develops once the intra-abdominal pressure increases to 20-25 mm Hg and is characterized by an increase in airway pressures, inadequate ventilation and oxygenation, altered renal function, and hemodynamic instability. This case report details the development of acute abdominal compartment syndrome during transurethral resection of the prostate with extra- and intraperitoneal bladder rupture under general anesthesia. The first signs of acute abdominal compartment syndrome in this patient were high peak airway pressures and difficulty delivering tidal volumes. Management of the compartment syndrome included re-intubation, emergent exploratory laparotomy, and drainage of irrigation fluid. Difficulty with ventilation should alert the anesthesiologist to consider abdominal compartment syndrome high in the list of differential diagnoses during any endoscopic bladder or bowel case.

A síndrome compartimental abdominal aguda é mais comumente associada a trauma abdominal fechado, embora tenha sido observada após ruptura de aneurisma da aorta abdominal, transplante de fígado, pancreatite e reanimação com volume maciço. A síndrome compartimental abdominal aguda surge quando a pressão intra-abdominal aumenta para 20-25 mm Hg e é caracterizada pelo aumento das pressões das vias aéreas, ventilação e oxigenação inadequadas, função renal alterada e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Este relato de caso descreve o desenvolvimento da síndrome compartimental abdominal aguda durante a ressecção transuretral de próstata com ruptura da bexiga extra e intraperitoneal sob anestesia geral. Os primeiros sinais da síndrome compartimental abdominal aguda nesse paciente eram pressões de pico elevadas das vias aéreas e dificuldade para fornecer volumes correntes. O manejo da síndrome de compartimento inclui reintubação, laparotomia exploratória de emergência e drenagem de líquidos de irrigação. A dificuldade na ventilação deve alertar o anestesiologista para que considere a síndrome compartimental abdominal em primeiro lugar na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais durante qualquer caso de endoscopia de bexiga ou intestino.

Síndrome compartimental abdominal / Abdominal compartment syndrome

Desde el siglo XIX se conocen los efectos negativos del aumento de la presión intraabdominal, pero no se le prestó la debida atención a este trastorno hasta la última década del pasado siglo y la primera del actual. En este artículo exponemos las definiciones de los términos presión intrabdominal, hipertensión intrabdominal y síndrome compartimental abdominal, que fueron tomadas por consenso y aprobadas por la World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. En nuestro medio, para el diagnóstico de la hipertensión intrabdominal y del síndrome compartimental abdominal se requiere medir la presión intrabdominal, secundariamente la presión de perfusión abdominal y se deben correlacionar estos datos con signos de deterioro clínico en el paciente. Las medidas terapéuticas médicas en relación con el síndrome compartimental abdominal son limitadas; cuando este es sintomático la descompresión abdominal es el tratamiento ya establecido. Enfatizamos en que el diagnóstico temprano de la hipertensión intrabdominal y del síndrome compartimental abdominal contribuyen a disminuir el desarrollo de un síndrome de disfunción múltiple de órganos y por tanto a reducir la mortalidad en estos pacientes. Con el objetivo de actualizar los conocimientos sobre hipertensión intrabdominal y síndrome compartimental abdominal, su diagnóstico y tratamiento, realizamos una minuciosa revisión actualizada de diversos artículos referentes al síndrome compartimental abdominal, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional(AU)

The negative effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure are known since the XIX Century, but attention was not paid to this disorder until the last decade of the last century and the first decade of the present one. In this article, we state the definitions of the terms intra-abdominal pressure, intra-abdominal hypertension, and abdominal compartment syndrome which were taken with consent and approved by the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. In our field, to get to a diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome, it is required to measure the intra-abdominal pressure and secondarily, the abdominal perfusion pressure; then, these data should be correlated with the signs of clinical deterioration of the patient. The medical therapeutic measures related to the abdominal compartment syndrome are limited, and when it is symptomatic, abdominal decompression is the established treatment. We want to make emphasis on the fact that the early diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome contribute to diminish the development of a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, hence reducing mortality in these patients. With the aim of updating knowledge about intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome as well as their diagnosis and treatment, we carried out a detailed updated review of different articles regarding the abdominal compartment syndrome from both national and international scopes(AU)

Hipertensión intra-abdominal: visión del gastroenterólogo / Intra-abdominal hypertension: perspective of the gastroenterologyst

Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has deleterious effects in distant organ function. Sustained increase of IAP is known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The aim of this article is to review basic pathophysiologic and clinical concepts about diagnosis and medical-surgical management of IAH and its most severe expression: the abdominal compartment syndrome, with emphasis on certain conditions as severe acute pancreatitis and end stage liver disease as these commonly associate with IAH.

El aumento de la presión intra-abdominal (PIA) se asocia a una serie de efectos deletéreos en la función de otros sistemas. El aumento sostenido de la PIA se denomina hipertensión intra-abdominal (HTIA) y es una entidad que aumenta la morbi-mortalidad en pacientes graves. La siguiente revisión expone los conceptos fisiopatológicos y clínicos básicos respecto al diagnóstico y manejo médico y quirúrgico de laHTIA y su grado máximo de expresión: el síndrome compartamental del abdomen, con énfasis en ciertas condiciones gastroenterológicas que se acompañan con frecuencia de HTIA como la pancreatitis aguda grave y el daño hepático crónico descompensado.

La reintervención quirúrgica como tratamiento de la hipertensión intraabdominal / The surgical reintervención as treatment of the hypertension intraabdominal

Se realizó un estudio de seguimiento en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Provincial Vladimir Ilich Lenin para evaluar el efecto de la reintervención quirúrgica sobre la presión intraabdominal en los pacientes laparotomizados. El reclutamiento comenzó en marzo de 1999 y terminó en enero del 2004. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 22 pacientes. La puntuación según el sistema pronóstico APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) fue de 13,36. La peritonitis fue el diagnóstico más frecuente: en la primera operación con el 50 por ciento y en la reintervención con el 72 por ciento (secundaria, 31,8 por ciento y terciaria, 40,9 por ciento). El promedio de la presión intraabdominal antes de la reintervención fue 14,95 ± 5,2 cm H2O y después fue 12,17 ± 3,44 cmH2O (F = 4,383468; p < 0,05). La reintervención redujo la presión intraabdominal elevada y no modificó la que estaba normal. Pudimos concluir que la reintervención quirúrgica reduce la hipertensión intraabdominal(AU)

He/she was carried out a pursuit study in the Unit of Intensive Cares of the Provincial Educational General Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin to evaluate the effect of the surgical reintervención on the pressure intraabdominal in the patient laparotomizados. The recruitment began in March of 1999 and it finished in January of the 2004. They completed the approaches of inclusion 22 patients. The punctuation according to the system APACHE presage II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) it was of 13,36. The peritonitis was the most frequent diagnosis: in the first operation with 50 percent and in the reintervención with 72 percent (secondary, 31,8 percent and third, 40,9 percent). The average of the pressure intraabdominal before the reintervención was 14,95 ± 5,2 cm H2O and later it was 12,17 ± 3,44 cmH2O (F = 4,383468; p <0,05). The reintervención reduced the pressure high intraabdominal and it didn't modify the one that was normal. We could conclude that the surgical reintervención reduces the hypertension intraabdominal(AU)

Síndrome compartimental abdominal: atualização / Abdominaol compartment syndrome: update

A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é um conjunto de alterações fisiopatológicas, principalmente sobre os sistema cardiovascular, respiratório e renal, decorrentes da elevação aguda da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA). Possui como importantes fatores desencadeantes o trauma abdominal, peritonite, pancreatite, transplante hepático, ascite volumosa, laparotomia abreviada e a cirurgia videolaparoscópica. Os autores revisam aspectos atuais acerca da fisiopatologia, etiopatogenia e terapia desta afecção

The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a group of systemic alterations, mainly on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, current of the sharp elevation of the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Important risk factors are the abdominal trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis, hepatic transplant, voluminous ascites, abbreviated laparotomy and the videolaparoscopic surgery. Objective: the aim of this paper is to review the main aspects of this affection